Photochemical Smog :: essays research papers fc

Photochemical Smog Historically, the term smog referred to a mixture of smoke and fog, hence the name smog. The industrial revolution has been the central cause for the increase in pollutants in the atmosphere over the last three centuries. Before 1950, the majority of this pollution was created from the burning of coal for energy generation, space heating, cooking, and transportation. Under the right conditions, the smoke and sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal can combine with fog to create industrial smog. In high concentrations, industrial smog can be extremely toxic to humans and other living organisms. London is world famous for its episodes of industrial smog. The most famous London smog event occurred in December, 1952 when five days of calm foggy weather created a toxic atmosphere that claimed about 4000 human lives. Today, the use of other fossil fuels, nuclear power, and hydroelectricity instead of coal has greatly reduced the occurrence of industrial smog. However, the burning of fossil fuels like gasoline can create another atmospheric pollution problem known as photochemical smog. Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants. Development of photochemical smog is typically associated with specific climatic conditions and centers of high population density. Cities like Los Angeles, New York, Sydney, and Vancouver frequently suffer episodes of photochemical smog. One way in which the production of photochemical smog is initiated is through the photochemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to form ozone. There are many sources of photochemical smog, including vehicle engines (the number one cause of photochemical smog), industrial emissions, and area sources (the loss of vapors from small areas such as a local service station, surface coatings and thinners, and natural gas leakage). Vehicle engines, which are extremely numerous in all parts of the world, do not completely burn the petroleum they use as fuel. This produces nitrogen dioxide which is released through the vehicle exhaust along with a high concentration of hydrocarbons. The absorption of solar radiation by the nitrogen dioxide results in the formation of ozone (O3). Ozone reacts with many different hydrocarbons to produce a brownish-yellow gaseous cloud which may contain numerous chemical compounds, the combination of which, we call photochemical smog. Both types of smog can greatly reduce visibility. Even more importantly, they pose a serious threat to our health. They form as a result of extremely high concentrations of pollutants that are trapped near the surface by a temperature

Parenting Styles and Abilites Essay

Families come in many different forms. Back in the 1950’s/60’s most families compromised of a father, a mother and at least one child, this is known as a nuclear family structure. In the past few decades though divorce rates rose which has caused a rise in reconstituted families for example step families, parents now work longer hours which has seen more children being raised by extended family members eg: grandparents and new changes in law has seen same sex marriages become legal. Within my placements many of the young people using the service have ended up in their situation due to family breakdowns. Many of the families live off benefits or on the poverty line and are battling with addictions to alcohol or drugs or are suffering from depression. This has a knock on affect to the young people I feel as they are therefore expected to grow up quicker in order to look after themselves or any other children that may be in the house. Also from what I have seen most of the young people do not seem to have any ambition or hopes for a better life and many get involved in the same kind of lifestyle that they have been used to all of their lives. This would agree with Bandura’s Social Learning Theory where people copy behaviours from their peers. In regards to the above Labour and Liberal Democrats have been campaigning for same sex families to have the right to adopt. Years ago this would have been frowned upon, but because same sex couples are now more ‘accepted ‘ in society I believe if they have the best intentions for the child then why shouldn’t they be allowed to raise their own families. Functionalists would not agree with this the same as they do not agree with single parent families as they believe in the nuclear family for reproduction, primary socialisation and economic support. I feel the young people that I work with have come from uninvolved parenting backgrounds. Many of them have been in trouble with the law and have never really been told right from wrong. Another reason for some of the young peoples behaviour is survival methods as they have been brought up to fend for themselves. Other parenting styles are indulgent, authoritarian and authoritative. Indulgent also known as permissive parenting normally means the parent/s are very involved in the child’s life and interests but does not believe in discipline. This results in many of the kids growing up to believe that they can do as they please and know no boundaries. Communication style would be very passive. The parent can come across very apologetic, at a loss for words, weak, hurt and anxious. Authoritarian parenting is mainly ensuring the child has strict guidelines and rules to follow and very much believes in discipline. This way of parenting normally results in the child growing up to be unhappy and in some cases they rebel against the control that they have been brought by. The parents way of communicating with the child would be very aggressive and commanding, loaded words and questions, putting the blame on the child, sarcastic and loud with a cold front. Finally there is authoritative parenting which is probably made up by most of the population. This kind of parenting shows an interest in the child but also teaches the child right from wrong. Children brought up in this kind of environment grow up happy and enthusiastic to achieve. Communication methods for this kind of parenting would be assertive. Ensuring point gets across, statements of wants and needs, caring and confident. Within the care sector in the UK it is likely you will come across all of the family styles mentioned above. In many other countries parenting styles will not play such an important part in the childs life. Children from as young as five years of age are sent out to work by their families in order to make a living, and in some cases the children do not have a choice as they have lost their family members to different environmental disasters, diseases etc. These societal issues play more of a part in the way the children grow up as they know they have no choice but to go out to work in order to survive. Recent TV progammes have followed families that live in slums in India. The whole family goes out to work long hours everyday rummaging through rubbish to see what can be recycled, the children do not always get to attend school as it is too expensive. At the end of the day the whole family sit, make and eat dinner together. Family values play a huge part in their lives and the sense of community is great, I feel this is more important as the family all seem to appreciate each other more and don’t take things for granted. In the UK parents are now having to work longer and longer hours therefore spending more time away from home, but unfortunately as in India where this seems to bring the family and community loser together it seems to be having the reverse affect here causing families to seperate and communities to be divided. I personally come from a very big close family so family is very important to me. I believe that if the young people that I worked with had close relationships with their parents then their outlook on life could have been very different. I think within the social care sector I could find this very difficult to deal with seeing how some families treat their children and are very uninvolved in their upbringing. Obviously the most important thing is ensuring the safety of the family especially the children, this would mean having to learn to accept different families styles of parenting whether I agreed with them or not as long as there were no signs of danger and ensuring the children were not put at risk in anyway. I know this is something I could struggle with but that I could not let interfere with the way my work was carried out with the family and have to accept that all families are different and live by different values.

Links Between Ancient Empire (Songhai, Ming and Mughul) Essay

| Ming China| Songhai| Mughal India| Government and Society| * Absolute rulers * Government followed out all emperor’s orders * Emperor seen as god| * Peace patrolling by navy * Surrounding chiefs kept more of their power if they paid tributes * Based on Islamic Principals. * Performance based NOT birth * Based on military and religion * Slaves did all manual labour| * Based on Islamic principals * Local rulers kept power but had to pay tributes * Centralised administration * Efficient bureaucracy * Practiced religious tolerance | Role of Women| * Good education to teach their sons * Got married – family finance * Thrice following (followed whatever they were told by men) * Only influential if wealthy| * Men didn’t talk to women in public * Respected by men but had to act shy and timid * Separate housing between men and women. | * No education, liberty or rights * If they gave birth to a female they were shunned upon * Not allowed to go anywhere without permission * Women were seen as inferior| Travel and Trade| * Traded silk, porcelain and tea * Trade to show off China’s wealth and power * Traded with West Asia and Europe along the silk route * Brought goods back from exotic places visited | * Gold and salt trade * Huge caravans regularly crossed the Sahara desert. * Timbuktu and Goa became large commercial centres of these routes| * Export of agricultural products * Shipbuilding – key industry (Europeans bought from them) * Private trading – voyagers to East Africa, Europe etc†¦ * China was an important trading partner.| Links/Contacts with the rest of the world| * Zheng He voyagers – linked China to India, Ar abian Peninsula and East Africa. * Trade connected them to Asia and Europe – silk road along Med. Sea * Communication routes created via military courier system| * Trade in gold and salt along Sahara desert linked them to the Arabs and Europe through gold trade * Arab traders were the link from Africa to the rest of the world. * Commercial centres were a place for merchants from Med. And Europe to trade. * Exploration of Portuguese| * Contacts with China and South East Asia * Europeans ships visited India and they bought from the Indians * The British set up BEIC to trade| Learning and culture| * Education was wide spread. * Standardised education * Stand was high because they could print text books at the time * Different pantheons of Gods * Practised Buddhism and  Taoism | * Timbuktu and Goa – main centres of learning * Recruited teachers from over-seas * Islam – dominant culture * Recorded as one of the largest Islamic in history| * Established libraries in different languages * Welcomed scholars to his courts * Islamic * Practised religious cultures| Technology| * Inventors of gun powder * Compass * Paper * Printing| * Mosque Architecture – detailed and big * Took years to build| * Invented concept of zero * Modern math * Celestial globe * Advanced architecture | Decline of the Empires| * Invaded by the Moroccan army * This was possible because modern weaponry – Songhai didn’t stand a chance even though they had more men * Succession battles between Mohammed Askia I’s sons in 1593 led to civil war * Lost total control of trade and wealth due to Portuguese explorations around West Africa. | * Threats of invasion by Mongols and Machu * Weakened by power struggles * Became isolated because of the Great Wall of China * Sever famine * Economic problems – people stopped paying taxes | * Main threat – BEIC * Wars of succession weakened empire after Akbar’s death. * |

Free Essays on Linear Regression

Regression Analysis can be identified as providing a â€Å"best-fit† mathematical equation for the values of the two variables that you chose to analyze. From this we get two types of analysis, one being Simple Linear Regression Analysis, which we have been working with. This type of analysis can be defined as a regression model that uses one independent variable to explain the variation in the dependent variable. From the data given we have chosen to look at the affect experience (in years) has at this given company on annual salary. From gathering the data it is my hypothesis that there will be a positive linear relationship between experience and annual salary. Now lets see if the data supports or contests this. The first thing done when using the mini-tab program is to put all your data into the columns. Once you have done that you can start to look at your regression analysis. Because I inserted the data by hand, the columns are as follows: C1: Annual salary in dollars, C2: Experience in years, C3: Gender, C4: Age (years), C5: Training level (A=1, B=2, C=3). From the regression analysis the first thing we get is B1. The B1 value is located on the computer print out under the coefficient column and the horizontal column C2. The B1 value tells us that for every unit change in X, it will contribute to the Y by 1833.9 units. Since we have a positive slope, a one-unit increase in X will lead to an increase in Y by 1833.9 units. After we find out what B1 is we then can find out what B0 is which is also located under the coefficient column horizontally in the constant column. This value is 34,620 which to us means that when X is zero then Y(hat)=34620. The fundamental equation for our r egression analysis is Y(hat)= 34620+ 1833.9X. From this equation we can now predict what our annual salary will be using a value of X or the years of experience. There are three important terms the Sum of the Squared Error, the Sum of Sq... Free Essays on Linear Regression Free Essays on Linear Regression Regression Analysis can be identified as providing a â€Å"best-fit† mathematical equation for the values of the two variables that you chose to analyze. From this we get two types of analysis, one being Simple Linear Regression Analysis, which we have been working with. This type of analysis can be defined as a regression model that uses one independent variable to explain the variation in the dependent variable. From the data given we have chosen to look at the affect experience (in years) has at this given company on annual salary. From gathering the data it is my hypothesis that there will be a positive linear relationship between experience and annual salary. Now lets see if the data supports or contests this. The first thing done when using the mini-tab program is to put all your data into the columns. Once you have done that you can start to look at your regression analysis. Because I inserted the data by hand, the columns are as follows: C1: Annual salary in dollars, C2: Experience in years, C3: Gender, C4: Age (years), C5: Training level (A=1, B=2, C=3). From the regression analysis the first thing we get is B1. The B1 value is located on the computer print out under the coefficient column and the horizontal column C2. The B1 value tells us that for every unit change in X, it will contribute to the Y by 1833.9 units. Since we have a positive slope, a one-unit increase in X will lead to an increase in Y by 1833.9 units. After we find out what B1 is we then can find out what B0 is which is also located under the coefficient column horizontally in the constant column. This value is 34,620 which to us means that when X is zero then Y(hat)=34620. The fundamental equation for our r egression analysis is Y(hat)= 34620+ 1833.9X. From this equation we can now predict what our annual salary will be using a value of X or the years of experience. There are three important terms the Sum of the Squared Error, the Sum of Sq...

Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay

Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay Jonathan Williams-Estevez Mrs. Kimball English 8-6 12-15-13 The Giver by Lois Lowry The Giver by Lois Lowry is a science fiction novel. (Sci-fi means it’s from the future or time travel or advanced technology.) The sci-fi novel is about Jonas and the Giver (the two main characters of the novel.), the story is about when Jonas was an eleven he had a normal life (in the community's way) but when he turned to a twelve he got his assignment as being the new Receiver of Memories, because he has the sense to see from beyond and the previous giver is getting old and weak. * My theme is about how rules make some places a utopia but too many can make the utopia the into a dystopisa because of how all the rules the committee have are controlling the lives of the people. The Giver becomes the teacher of Jonas when he gets assigned to being the Receiver of Memories because the Giver was the last Receiver of Memories. When the Giver starts to transmits the memories to Jonas, he is not just giving him memories from the community but from the whole world when there were floods, starvation, poverty, and even war. When the Giver is giving Jonas those memories he is also giving him awareness, feelings like loss, sadness, and love. The community citizens unquestioningly follow the rules, because over time killing has become a regular part of their lives, the horrible actions they do, it doesn't emotionally upset them. Just as the Giver says of Jonas's father killing the lighter twin newborn â€Å"It’s what he was told to do, and he knows nothing else.†(lowry ) As Jonas is getting those feelings he is also starting to realize the perfect **utopia he calls home, is actually a ***dystopia because of the rules. The rules that the committee made was to make everyone the same because the people didn't/couldn't see color, they have to do what they're told to do or you were released and they didn't have feelings like love or sadness. One of the rules is that they have to use precise language (accurate language.) and when Jon as was little he said he was starving and he got smacked because the workers that worked there said that â€Å"He isn’t starving he’s hungry.† (lowry ) They also have a rule about your spouse. If you want one you will have to apply for one

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming In almost every Java program you will find primitive data types being used. They provide a way to store the simple values the program is dealing with. For example, consider a calculator program that allows the user to perform mathematical calculations. In order for the program to achieve its goal, it has to be capable of storing the values the user enters. This can be done using variables. A variable is a container for a specific kind of value that is known as a data type. Primitive Data Types Java comes with eight primitive data types to handle simple data values. They can be split into four categories by the kind of value they hold: Integers: these are positive and negative whole numbers.Floating Point Numbers: any number that has a fractional part.Characters: a single character.Truth Values: either true or false. Integers Integers hold number values that cannot have a fractional part. There are four different types: byte: uses one byte to store values from -128 to 127short: uses two bytes to store values from -32,768 to 32,767int: uses four bytes to store values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647long: uses eight bytes to store values from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 As you can see from above the only difference between the types are the range of values they can hold. Their ranges directly correlate to the amount of space the data type needs to store its values. In most cases when you want to represent a whole number use the int data type. Its ability to hold numbers from just under -2 billion to a little over 2 billion will be suitable for most integer values. However, if for some reason you need to write a program that uses as little memory as possible, consider the values you need to represent and see if the byte or short is a better choice. Likewise, if you know the numbers you need to store are higher than 2 billion then use the long data type. Floating Point Numbers Unlike integers, floating point numbers like fractional parts. There are two different types: float: uses four bytes to store values from -3.4028235E38 to 3.4028235E38double: uses eight bytes to store values from -1.7976931348623157E308 to 1.7976931348623157E308 The difference between the two is simply the range of fractional numbers they can hold. Like integers the range directly correlates to the amount of space they need to store the number. Unless you have memory concerns its best to use the double data type in your programs. It will handle fractional numbers to the precision needed in most applications. The main exception will be in financial software where rounding errors cannot be tolerated. Characters There is only one primitive data type that deals with individual characters – the char. The char can hold the value of one character and is based on 16-bit Unicode encoding. The character might be a letter, digit, punctuation, a symbol or a control character (e.g., a character value that represents a newline or a tab). Truth Values As Java programs deal in logic there needs to be a way to determine when a condition is true and when it is false. The boolean data type can hold those two values; it can only be true or false.

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions Research Paper

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions - Research Paper Example On the other hand, non-essential job functions are duties that could be reassigned to other employees and effectively execute them (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). Some of the non-essential job functions include directing and escorting clients to different offices within the organisation. Employers are required to have knowledge of the employment provisions including disability Act. Essentially, employees are required to comprehend on essential job functions and how they affect employees. Disability Act Stipulates on the basic civil rights for persons with disability, women and the minority groups (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). However, an employer is not obliged to modify or eliminate an essential job function in order to accommodate person with disability. This is arguably true because an employee who is not in a position to execute the essential job functions even when considered to have a reasonable accommodation does not qualify for the said job and is not protected by discrimination